The questionnaire was submitted online and had 19 questions regarding breed, age, gender, presence and severity of nasal lesions, age at onset, other dermatological signs, general health and any treatment given ( Supplement S2 for the complete questionnaire form). Typical photos of a normal nasal planum and of noses with varying degrees of nasal hyperkeratosis were provided with the questionnaire to allow owners to compare their dog´s nose with the images ( supplement S1). The questionnaire was developed to allow owners to self‐evaluate their dog's nose health with respect to clinical signs of nasal hyperkeratosis. Owners of healthy dogs with no evidence of nasal lesions were also encouraged to fill out the form in an attempt to minimize selection bias for both groups. Participation was voluntary with no reimbursement offered, and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was followed regarding collection and storage of data. For the control group, any breeds, except GB were accepted, and a questionnaire was distributed to five different Facebook‐groups for dog owners to compose the control group. Owners and breeders refer to this as 'dry nose' and frequently treat it with various over‐the‐counter moisturizers, creams and balms.Ī web‐based Google Forms questionnaire was distributed by email to all 140 members of the Swedish Griffon Club and to other Griffon owners via two social media forums on Facebook. 4, 5 GB‐breeders, world‐wide have for decades recognized that, in all other aspects healthy, many dogs have an abnormally dry and firm nose (Figure 1). In the same litter, all three varieties can be born. The Griffon breeds (GB)-Griffon Belge, Griffon Bruxellios and Petit Brabançon-are identical in standards except for coat and colour variants, and they are considered varieties of the same breed and are allowed to mate. 1 Other causes of nasal hyperkeratosis in dogs include cutaneous discoid lupus, distemper, ichthyosis, necrolytic migratory erythema, leishmaniosis, pemphigus complex, primary seborrheic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and zinc‐responsive dermatosis. 3 Brachycephalic breeds are sometimes considered predisposed to nasal hyperkeratosis presumingly due to abnormal anatomy and keratin build‐up however to our knowledge this has not been well documented. The Cocker spaniel breed may be at increased risk. 3 The only published data on prevalence report 0.4% of dermatology cases and 0.1% of the hospital population having idiopathic nasal or nasodigital hyperkeratosis. 1, 2 In spite of being a universally well‐recognized condition, remarkably few peer‐reviewed scientific publications are available. Idiopathic nasal or nasodigital hyperkeratosis typically occurs in older dogs of various breeds.
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